The simplest way to assemble quality NK cell therapies.

Absolutely. Clinical-scale NK manufacturing in G-Rex^® is already well established. Published workflows have produced tens of billions of NK cells under GMP conditions, and G-Rex^®-manufactured NK cell products have been administered to patients in clinical studies. G-Rex^® has also been incorporated into GMP CAR-NK manufacturing workflows for clinical trials.

For commercial-scale production, G-Rex^® supports both scale-up and scale-out, allowing manufacturing capacity to increase without fundamentally changing the underlying process. Published studies have demonstrated comparable NK and CAR-NK performance as processes moved from smaller G-Rex^® formats into larger closed G-Rex^® bioreactors.

Commercial-scale NK manufacturing has not yet been demonstrated through an approved NK-cell therapy because the field itself has not yet reached that stage of commercialization. That is a maturity-of-the-modality limitation - not an identified limitation of G-Rex^®.

Sources: Otegbeye et al. (2022); Liu et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2024).

Yes. Published NK-cell workflows have demonstrated process continuity across G-Rex^® formats. Lapteva et al. reported that NK-cell fold expansion was the same in small G-Rex^®10 and larger G-Rex^®100 cultures when the process was run using the same underlying conditions. Liu et al. later described adapting a G-Rex^® M100 process from preclinical protocols to linearly scale CAR-NK manufacturing to the desired GMP yield, and Wang et al. demonstrated comparable NK expansion, purity, phenotype, and function across G-Rex^® multi-well plates and larger G-Rex^®100M open- and closed-system bioreactors.

Linear scalability is one of the core advantages of the G-Rex^® platform: capacity can increase while preserving the underlying culture architecture rather than requiring the process to be re-engineered around a different expansion technology.

Sources: Lapteva et al. (2016); Liu et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2024).

Scale-out provides a modular approach to manufacturing capacity. Developers can add or remove G-Rex^® bioreactors as production requirements change rather than designing the entire process around a single maximum batch size. Distributing expansion across multiple vessels can also limit the consequence of an event isolated to one culture rather than concentrating the entire expansion in a single vessel.

Yes. Published G-Rex^® workflows include NK cells derived from peripheral blood and apheresis products, cord blood, and iPSCs. This gives developers flexibility to use the same underlying G-Rex^® manufacturing technology across very different NK-cell sources.

Sources: Lapteva et al. (2012); Liu et al. (2021); Lupo et al. (2021).

Yes. G-Rex^® has been incorporated into NK manufacturing workflows using viral CAR engineering, non-viral engineering, gene editing, armored CAR-NK cells, and engineered iPSC-derived NK cells. Depending on the workflow, the engineering step itself may occur outside G-Rex^® before the engineered cells return to G-Rex^® for continued expansion.

Sources: Lapteva et al. (2016); Liu et al. (2021); Wood et al. (2022); Wang et al. (2024); Lupo et al. (2024); Robbins et al. (2026).

No. G-Rex^® can support both feeder-based and feeder-free NK manufacturing strategies. Recent peer-reviewed CAR-NK studies have demonstrated feeder-free manufacturing approaches using G-Rex^®, while a substantial body of earlier NK literature demonstrates feeder-based processes.

Sources: Khanal et al. (2025); Khanal & Bhattarai (2025); Ruppel et al. (2026).

Yes. G-Rex^® has been used successfully with both feeder-dependent and feeder-free NK cell manufacturing strategies. On the feeder cell side, K562-based and membrane-bound IL-21 feeder systems have both been demonstrated in G-Rex^®, achieving robust NK cell expansion from peripheral blood with yields suitable for clinical use.

For feeder-free approaches, G-Rex^® has supported expansion of cord blood–derived CAR-NK cells, iPSC-derived NK cells, and CAR-NK cells using cytokine-based or engineered antigen-presenting cell conditions, all while retaining comparable phenotype, cytotoxicity, and post-thaw function to small-scale cultures. Across both strategies, the G-Rex^® culture environment remains consistent. The platform accommodates your manufacturing approach, not the other way around.

Sources: Lapteva et al. (2016); Ojo et al. (2019); Liu et al. (2021); Lupo et al. (2024); Robbins et al. (2026); Wang et al. (2024).

That depends on the process. G-Rex^® can provide a manufacturing environment for multiple stages of NK-cell development and production, including activation and expansion, with published workflows demonstrating different configurations. Some engineered NK processes perform gene transfer outside G-Rex^® and return the cells to G-Rex^® for subsequent expansion, while other unit operations may be incorporated depending on the process design.

Sources: Lapteva et al. (2016); Liu et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2024).